2. Why did early maps often mix accurate information with guesses or legends?

1. Cartographers refused to talk with sailors or read travel journals when drawing their maps.
2. Mapmakers depended on secondhand reports from voyages, so they had to fill in unknown areas with best guesses or stories.
3. Explorers were required by law to hide any new information about coastlines or harbors.
4. Old maps were copied only from school textbooks, which always left out real geographic details.

3. What was the main purpose of rhumb lines on early sea charts?

1. They helped captains follow a steady compass direction by tracing straight paths across the map.
2. They marked the borders between countries so rulers could collect taxes from sailors.
3. They showed the locations of hidden treasure chests buried on islands and beaches.
4. They separated the pictures of sea monsters from the names of oceans and seas.

4. What do the ships, banners, and sea monsters on old maps mainly show about the people who used them?

1. They prove that mapmakers cared only about art contests and not about navigation or safety.
2. They show that sailors believed every part of the world had already been carefully measured.
3. They suggest that rulers wanted maps to be used only as decorations in private palaces.
4. They reveal both a love of decoration and a sense that large areas of the world were still strange, risky, and unknown.

5. According to the passage, which change most helped maps become more accurate over time?

1. Sailors stopped using the stars and began steering by watching only the color of the water.
2. Cartographers decided to remove all labels and decorations from the maps they printed.
3. Navigators learned to measure latitude and longitude and used better projections to show the round Earth on flat paper.
4. Governments forbade explorers from sharing new discoveries with mapmakers or ship captains.

6. Why was the Mercator projection especially helpful for sea travel?

1. It completely removed all oceans from the map and showed only land and mountains.
2. It turned curved sea routes into straight lines on the map, making it easier to plan long-distance journeys.
3. It made every continent exactly the same size, so sailors never had to estimate distances.
4. It replaced the compass rose with drawings of sea monsters and wooden sailing ships.

7. What made the Waldseemüller world map of 1507 an important example of an explorer map?

1. It was the first known map to label the Western Hemisphere as “America” while showing both familiar regions and new continents.
2. It was the only map that showed Europe, Africa, and Asia but left the entire Western Hemisphere completely blank.
3. It used photographs of the Earth from space instead of woodcut blocks pressed onto paper.
4. It removed all notes and labels from the oceans so that sailors would not be distracted at sea.

2. Why did early maps so often include errors, blank spaces, or imaginary details?

1. Mapmakers insisted on drawing only from their own voyages and ignored all other sources of information.
2. Cartographers had to rely on logs, memories, and stories from others, so they filled uncertain regions with guesses and legends.
3. Governments demanded that all oceans appear empty so that pirates could not find new trade routes.
4. Sailors refused to describe coastlines, forcing mapmakers to copy only old schoolroom sketches.

3. Which detail from the passage best explains how rhumb lines were supposed to help navigators?

1. “From it, thin rhumb lines stretched across the page. By following one of these lines with a steady compass heading, a captain could attempt to sail in a straight path over a curved ocean.”
2. “Mapmakers filled empty spaces with galleons plowing through the waves, banners naming kingdoms and regions, and sea monsters lurking at the edges of the known world.”
3. “Together, these details reveal a world in transition, as explorers and mapmakers slowly transformed scattered reports into a more systematic view of the globe.”
4. “Printed from dozens of carved woodblocks, it was meant to form a huge wall map.”

4. What do the decorations of ships, banners, and sea monsters mainly suggest about attitudes toward unexplored regions?

1. Mapmakers believed unexplored areas were so boring that they had to add pictures just to fill extra space.
2. Sailors were certain that every coastline had already been measured perfectly, so monsters were added only as jokes.
3. Rulers wanted all dangerous regions left blank so that no one would learn about distant continents.
4. People felt both curiosity and fear about unknown waters, so they used dramatic images to show that parts of the world were still mysterious and risky.

5. Which development best shows how new technology changed the way maps were made?

1. Sailors stopped using instruments and guided their ships only by watching clouds and waves.
2. Cartographers decided to remove all compass roses from their charts to keep routes secret from rivals.
3. Navigators used tools such as the astrolabe and sextant to measure latitude and eventually longitude, allowing mapmakers to design more accurate projections.
4. Governments banned long-distance voyages so that mapmakers did not have to update their maps very often.

6. Why does the passage describe the Mercator projection as especially useful for sea travel?

1. It showed every continent in its exact true size, even if this made directions harder to follow on the map.
2. It kept compass bearings as straight lines, making it easier for captains to plot long-distance routes even though it stretched land shapes near the poles.
3. It removed all labels and notes, so maps could be printed more quickly and cheaply for ordinary sailors.
4. It replaced traditional charts with photographs taken from space, ending the need for hand-drawn maps.

7. What overall picture of the Waldseemüller world map does the 1000L passage give the reader?

1. It was a simple outline map that ignored recent discoveries and left most oceans completely blank.
2. It was mainly a chart of sea monsters and shipwrecks, with very little information about real continents.
3. It was a large, detailed wall map that named “America,” mixed familiar and newly described lands, and used notes to show both knowledge and uncertainty.
4. It was a small notebook sketch that showed only Europe and left the Western Hemisphere entirely off the page.