History of South Dakota

South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. Known for its scenic beauty, including the famous Mount Rushmore National Memorial, the history of South Dakota is a story of exploration, conflict, and growth. From the earliest Native American tribes to the arrival of European explorers, the state has seen significant changes and progress. In this article, we will explore the history of South Dakota, from its early beginnings to modern times.

Early Native American History

The earliest inhabitants of South Dakota were various Native American tribes, including the Sioux, Arikara, and Mandan. These tribes lived off the land, hunting buffalo and other game, and growing crops like corn and beans. They built their homes using materials found in the environment, such as animal hides and grasses.

European Exploration and Settlement

The first European to explore the area that is now South Dakota was French explorer Pierre La Verendrye, who arrived in 1743. In 1804, American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark traveled via the Missouri River through the state, and spent the winter of 1804-1805 across the river from a Mandan settlement. During the 1800s, South Dakota became a part of the United States, and settlers began to move into the area. Conflict between settlers and Native American tribes led to several battles, including the famous Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.

Lewis and Clark traveled through South Dakota on their way to the Pacific Ocean.

Statehood and Growth

South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, becoming the 40th state in the Union. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the state experienced major growth, with the railroad industry playing a key role. The state became a center for agriculture, with crops like wheat, corn, and soybeans forming the foundation of its economy.

20th Century Development

In the 20th century, South Dakota continued to grow, with the population reaching nearly 900,000 by 2000. The state contributed to aviation and national defense, with the establishment of the Rapid City Army Air Base (now Ellsworth Air Force Base) in 1942 and the construction of missile silos during the Cold War.

Modern Times

Today, South Dakota is a vibrant state with a diverse economy that includes agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. It is home to universities such as the University of South Dakota and South Dakota State University. Outdoor recreation and cultural attractions draw visitors from around the world, including the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, the Crazy Horse Memorial, and Mount Rushmore.

Discussion Questions

1. What were the main Native American tribes that lived in South Dakota before European settlement?
2. How did the arrival of European explorers impact the people living in the region?
3. Why was agriculture so important to South Dakota’s early economy?
4. What are some ways South Dakota continues to honor its historical and cultural heritage today?

Glossary

• Arikara: A Native American tribe that lived along the Missouri River.
• Settlement: A small community established by people in a new area.
• Railroad industry: The system of trains and tracks that helped transport people and goods across the country.
• Cold War: A period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II.
• Memorial: A structure built to remember and honor a person or event.

South Dakota History Timeline

• 1743: French explorer Pierre La Verendrye visits the region.
• 1804–1805: Lewis and Clark Expedition travels through South Dakota.
• 1851: Fort Laramie Treaty established boundaries for Native tribes.
• 1874: Gold discovered in the Black Hills.
• 1876: Battle of Little Bighorn occurs.
• 1889: South Dakota becomes the 40th U.S. state.
• 1927: Construction begins on Mount Rushmore.
• 1942: Rapid City Army Air Base established.
• 1960s: Missile silos built during the Cold War.
• 1982: Crazy Horse Memorial work resumes.
• 1990: South Dakota celebrates its centennial.
• 2000: Population nears 900,000.
• 2020s: Tourism and agriculture continue as major industries.