From Immigrant to Industrial Leader

Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835, in Scotland. His family was poor, and when he was 13, they immigrated to the United States in search of a better life. Carnegie started working in a factory as a child and earned just $1.20 a week. However, he studied hard, read books, and worked his way up. As a young man, he invested his money wisely and looked for opportunities to grow.

The Rise of the Steel Industry

Carnegie noticed that steel was becoming very important for railroads, buildings, and bridges. In the 1870s, he started the Carnegie Steel Company, which used new technology to make steel faster and cheaper. As demand for steel grew, Carnegie’s company became the largest steel producer in the United States. By the 1890s, he was one of the richest men in the world.

Pittsburgh Steel Mill in 1906 - Public Domain

Controversy and Success

Even though Carnegie’s factories helped build America, working conditions were often harsh. Workers faced long hours, low pay, and dangerous machines. In 1892, the Homestead Strike at one of his steel mills turned violent. Some people criticized Carnegie for putting profits over worker safety. However, others praised him for building strong industries and helping the U.S. economy grow.

The “Gospel of Wealth”

Carnegie believed that wealthy people had a duty to help others. He wrote an essay called the Gospel of Wealth, which explained that the rich should use their money to improve society. Carnegie spent the last part of his life giving away nearly all of his fortune. He donated money to build libraries, schools, and the Carnegie Foundation. In total, he gave away over $350 million.

Famous Quote

“The man who dies rich dies disgraced.”

Timeline

• 1835 – Born in Scotland.
• 1848 – Immigrates to the United States.
• 1870 – Carnegie Steel Company is founded.
• 1892 – Homestead Strike occurs.
• 1901 – Carnegie sells his steel company.
• 1911 – Carnegie Corporation of New York is founded.
• 1919 – Dies in Massachusetts.

Glossary

• Immigrant – A person who moves to another country to live.
• Industry – Businesses that produce goods using machines.
• Strike – Workers refusing to work to demand better conditions.
• Philanthropy – Giving money to help others and improve society.
• Foundation – An organization that supports education or charity.

Discussion Questions

1. Was Carnegie a “captain of industry,” a “robber baron,” or both? Explain.
2. How did Carnegie’s steel company change America’s economy and cities?
3. Do you think wealthy people have a responsibility to help others? Why or why not?
4. Would you rather be rich and work in business or use wealth to help society? Why?